The Boeing 747, which is also known as the jumbo jet, is the largest passenger airliner in service. The only larger airliner is the Airbus A380, currently under development. The four-engine 747, produced by Boeing Commercial Airplanes, uses a two-deck configuration, where the small upper deck is usually used for business-class passengers. A typical three-class layout accommodates about 400 passengers while a one-class layout accommodates a maximum of 600 passengers. The hump created by the upper deck has made the 747 a highly recognizable icon of air travel. The 747 flies at high-subsonic speeds (typically 0.85 Mach or 565 mph or 909 km/h) and features intercontinental range (8,430 statute miles, or 13,570 km, for the 747-400 version), in some configurations sufficient to fly from New York to Hong Kong (roughly a third of the globe) non-stop. In 1989 a Qantas 747-400 flew non-stop from London to Sydney, a distance of 11,185 miles (18,000 km), in 20 h 9 min, although this was a delivery flight with no passengers or freight aboard. By May 2004, a total of 1381 aircraft have been built or ordered in various 747 configurations, making it a profitable product for Boeing. Variants: The 747 exists as several variants, to address the specific needs of it numerous customers. 747-100 - The first edition of the jet, the 747-100, rolled out of the new Everett facility on 2 September 1968. The 747-100 entered service on 1 January 1970 with launch customer Pan American World Airways. It was later replaced by the 747-100B, a very similar aircraft with a stronger airframe and undercarriage design. Another 100 variant, the 747-100SR, has a capacity of up to 550 passengers and is used on domestic flights in Japan. The basic 100 has a range of about 4,500 miles (7200 km) with full load. 747-100 aircraft can be distinguished from other aircraft by the upper deck, which normally has only three windows. There are exceptions, however. Also, some airlines purchased "SUD," or "stretched upper deck" modifications, which make the upper deck almost identical to a 747-300. 747-200 -
Introduced in 1971, and further improved over successive years, the 747-200 has higher thrust and weight-lifting capability than the 747-100, allowing it to fly further. It can usually be distinguished by its eight-window upper deck (but, again, some airlines have given their 200 aircraft SUD, and a few early 200s had just 3 windows). The last models of the 200, built in the late 1980s, have a full load range of about 6,700 miles (10,800 km). The 747-200C and 200F variants were designed to carry air freight. The 747-200F is a pure freighter, while the 747-200C is a "convertible" aircraft that can carry either passengers or freight. A sub-variant is unofficially called the 747-200M and is a "combi" aircraft that can carry both at the same time. Like the 100, many 200s have been given a new lease on life as freight aircraft. 747SP - The 747SP, or "Special Performance," was first delivered in 1976. The SP was largely a stop-gap model to compete with the Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. The 747 was simply too big for many routes, and Boeing did not have a mid-sized widebody to compete in the segment of the market that the DC-10 and TriStar had created. Crippled by the huge costs it had incurred in developing both the 737 and 747 in the late 1960s, Boeing could not afford to develop an all-new design, so instead it shortened the 747 and reoptimized it for speed and range at the expense of capacity. The SP could only accommodate 220 passengers in a 3-class cabin, but could fly over 6,500 miles (10,500 km) at speeds of up to 610 mph (980 km/h). Some airline insiders call it the "74 Short" or "Baby Jumbo" because of its shortened fuselage, and stubby appearance. Originally designated 747SB (standing for Short Body), by Boeing, the airlines had Boeing change the production designation to 747SP. The 747SP was the longest-flying airliner available until the Airbus A340, and found its way into the fleets of American Airlines, Pan Am, and Qantas, airlines that needed its range for trans-South Pacific routes. (American later used its 747SP's for services to Tokyo.) The 747SP was also used by South African Airways on flights from Johannesburg to London, during the Apartheid years, when that airline's aircraft were not allowed to fly over African countries and had to fly around the Bulge of Africa. The extra range allowed aircraft to cover the additional distance. For all its technical achievements, the SP never sold as well as Boeing hoped, only 45 were ever built and most that are still in service are used by operators in the Middle East and Africa. The SOFIA astronomical observatory is a 747SP modified to carry a 2.5-meter-diameter infrared reflecting telescope. Originally delivered to Pan Am and titled "Clipper Lindbergh". NASA has displayed the name in Pan Am script on models of the plane. It will fly again in late 2005. 747-300 - The first incarnation of the 747-300 would have been a trijet version of the 747SP, intended to compete with the DC-10 and L-1011 TriStar. This plan was scrapped due to insufficient demand. The 747-300 name was revived for a new aircraft, which was introduced in 1980, and was the first 747 model to feature a "stretched upper deck," which increased its capacity over earlier models. Combi (747-300M) and Japanese domestic (747-300SR) models were also built. The upper deck was now accessed via a straight staircase, rather than the spiral steps that featured in the 100 and 200. 747-400 - British Airways 747-400 on the approach to San Francisco AirportThe 747-400 is the latest model of the 747, and also the only series still in production. It added 6ft(2m) wing tip entensions and 6ft(2m) winglets, an all-new glass cockpit which dispensed with the need for a flight engineer, tail fuel tanks, revised engines, an all-new interior, and newer in-flight entertainment to the basic design of the -300 series. It first entered service in 1989 with Northwest Airlines. The -400 is available in the all passenger, combi (747-400M) and freighter (747-400F) variants. The Japanese domestic variant, the 747-400D, is the highest-capacity passenger aircraft in the world, and will be until the Airbus A380 officialy enters service. The -400D lacks the wing tip entensions and winglets included on other variants, allowing for increased number of takeoffs and landings by lowering wing stresses. The -400D may be converted to the long range version when needed. The 747-400ER is 400's extended range version: it also comes in an all-freight version, the 747-400ERF. Plans to develop a newer model, the 747-400XQLR, which stood for Quiet Long-Range (the X being a designator for an aircraft derivative which is still a design study and has not been officially launched), have evolved into the 747 Advanced.